Sanoj Weeratunge thought this would finally be the year his tour firm put Sri Lanka’s spate of crises behind it. Then the Iran war erupted 4,300km away, the government hiked fuel prices by 35% and business slumped by almost a third.
“We have had a difficult road over the past six years to recover and were hopeful that this would finally be the year where we reach pre-Covid levels,” Weeratunge said from his office in Colombo. “But now this economic shock will affect us.”
Sri Lanka, like Egypt and Pakistan, belongs to a group of crisis-scarred, lower-income countries that analysts fear have been thrust back towards trouble as the energy imports on which they rely become more expensive due to the war.
Despite this week’s fragile ceasefire in the Gulf, Colombo has reintroduced fuel subsidies and negotiated a temporary easing of the terms of its International Monetary Fund (IMF) bailout to give itself some breathing space. There are likely to be other countries trying to do the same next week in Washington, at the IMF and World Bank spring meetings.
The IMF is ready to listen and expects to have to provide $20bn-$50bn (R330bn-R822bn) of emergency support due to the crisis, chief Kristalina Georgieva said this week.
Former Pakistan central bank governor Reza Baqir, who now advises governments in debt distress, says the conflict has hit vulnerable countries from almost every angle.
I’m sure for Pakistan and Egypt, if they get to meet the MD or other top IMF officials next week, they will be stressing just how bad this shock is for stability
— Jeff Franks, former IMf official
The 40% surge in oil prices means import bills are soaring just as remittances from expatriates in the Gulf look likely to fall and economies in general get squeezed.
As current account deficits widen and currencies come under strain — Egypt’s pound has plunged more than 10% since the war — dollar-denominated oil, food, fertiliser and debt payments become even more costly.
That then has to be covered with foreign currency reserves, more borrowing or by slashing other imports.
What is needed, Baqir said, is “a credible statement from institutions like the IMF and others that they are ready to backstop these countries. And I think the sooner, the better.”
Pakistan’s reserves stood at $16.4bn on a gross basis at the end of March. That is not enough to cover three months of basic imports, but JPMorgan says the amount is actually negative if the central bank’s foreign currency liabilities are factored in.
Petrol prices there were just hiked for the second time, and schools closed for half of March. Meanwhile, government departments were on a four-day week — and are now banned from buying new furniture or air conditioners.
Islamabad’s latest worry, though, is that it will have to repay a $3.5bn loan from the United Arab Emirates. If it cannot roll it over, its finances will be under even more strain, given its $7bn IMF programme, former fund official Jeff Franks said.
“I’m sure for Pakistan and Egypt, if they get to meet the MD or other top IMF officials next week, they will be stressing just how bad this shock is for stability,” Franks said.
As in Sri Lanka, the rising prices have made locals in traditionally volatile Pakistan and elsewhere unhappy.
“Everything has become expensive,” said Maviq Hussain, a food delivery driver in Karachi. “It’s difficult to manage daily expenses.”
For Egypt, there’s also the hit to tourism, which brought in $19bn last year. Not to mention the potential impact on the Suez Canal and an enormous debt burden — which had already been expected to absorb 60% of revenues this year.
The near-$30bn of payments due add up to more than half of Egypt’s foreign-exchange reserves. Around $8bn of foreign investor money has already fled since the war started, Moody’s noted last week.
The IMF has praised Cairo’s decision to allow the currency to act as a “shock absorber”. But the doubling of Egypt’s energy import bill means crisis veterans expect it might be one of the busier countries in Washington next week.
“It is in no-one’s interest to be rigid in the conditionality and allow these countries to fail,” Franks said.
On the streets, crisis-weary locals just hope the pressure eases. Kelum Dissanayaka, a 37-year-old Sri Lankan father of three, begins work as a ride-hailing and delivery app driver at 4am, but spiralling costs and fuel rationing mean he has had to skip his tuk-tuk’s leasing payment two months running.
“It’s difficult to live,” he said.
Reuters
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